AC ob-xaim hom: ncaj qha kev cob cog rau cov tswj kev tswj, ib qho txuas nrog lub hwj huam thiab ib qho txuas nrog lub thauj;
AC ntau hom hlau txuas: ob qho txuas txuas lub hwjchim thiab ob qho kev sib txuas nrog seb lawv nquag tau qhib lossis kaw, uas yog, ob lub hwjchim kav thiab ob txoj kab, thiab ib lub sijhawm ntev thiab ntev kaw ntev.
DC ob hom xov tooj: kev sib deev [lossis xiav] liab [lossis xim av] kev sib txuas;
DC hom kab uas muaj peb hom: PNP thiab NPN hom, dub ncab [lossis xim xiav] tsis zoo liab [lossis xim av], lossis xim [lossis xim dub], thiab lub caij NPN rov qab zoo NPN tawm tsis zoo.
